Mohammed Ali Jinnah
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| Image credit commons wikimedia |
Mohammad Ali jinah, jisay Quaid E Azam bhi kaha jata hai ( arabi :" azeem quied" ), ( paidaiesh 25 decemeber, 1876 ?, Karachi , hindostan [ ab Pakistan mein ] — 11 September 1948 ko, Karachi ), aik hindustani muslim siyasat daan, jo Pakistan ke baani aur pehlay governor general ( 1947–48 ) thay .
ibtidayi saloon
jinah bhai پونجا, aik khushaal sodagar, aur un ki ahliya, muthi bayi, ke saat bachon mein sab se bara tha. is ka kunba khoja zaat, hinduo ka aik mumbar tha jis ne sadiiyon pehlay hi islam qubool kya tha aur woh agha Khan ke peirokaar thay. jinah ki tareekh paidaiesh ke baray mein kuch sawal mojood hai : agarchay unhon ne barqarar rakha ke yeh 25 decemeber 1876 ki tareekh hai, Karachi ( Pakistan ) se anay walay school ke record mein 20 october 1875 ki tareekh di gayi hai .
ghar par parhaye jane ke baad, jinah ko 1887 mein Karachi mein Sindh mudarris islam al - islam ( mojooda Sindh مدرسat al - islam university ) bheja gaya tha. baad mein is ne christian mshnri society high school ( Karachi mein bhi ) taleem haasil ki, jahan 16 saal ki Umar mein is ne Mumbai university ( ab Mumbai university, Mumbai , hindostan ) ke metric ka imthehaan paas kya. aik angrezi dost ke mashwaray par, is ke waalid ne karobari tajurbah haasil karne ke liye usay England bhejnay ka faisla kya. taham, jinah ne barrister ban'nay ka iradah karliya tha. is waqt ke rivaaj ko malhooz rakhtay hue, is ke walidain ne England jane se pehlay hi un ke liye jald az jald shadi ka intizam kya tha .
London mein unhon ne lankan un mein shamoliat ikhtiyar ki, jo aik aisi qanooni muashray mein shaamil hai jis ne talba ko baar ke liye tayyar kya tha. 1895 mein, 19 saal ki Umar mein, inhen baar mein bulaya gaya. jabkay London mein jinah ko do shadeed سوگوں ka saamna karna para. un ki ahliya aur is ki maa ki mout. bahar haal, is ne apni bazabta taleem mukammal ki aur Bartanwi siyasi nizaam ka bhi mutalea kya, jo aksar house of kamnz mein jata raha. woh william e glad stone ki liberal azm se bohat mutasir hue, jo jinah ke London pounchanay ke saal, 1892 mein chothi baar Wazeer e Azam banay thay. jinah ne hindostan ke umoor aur hindustani talba mein bhi gehri dilchaspi li. jab paarsi rehnuma dada bhai نورجی, aik sarkardah hindustani qoum parast, Bartanwi parliment ke liye bhaag niklay to jinah aur deegar hindustani talba ne un ke liye din raat kaam kya. un ki koshisho ko kamyabi ka taaj pehnaya gaya : نوروجی house of kamnz mein bethnay walay pehlay hindustani banay .
jab jinah sun 1896 mein Karachi wapas aaya to is ne mehsoos kya ke is ke waalid ke kaarobar ko nuqsaan sun-hwa hai aur usay ab khud par inhisaar karna para hai. unhon ne Bombay ( ab Mumbai ) mein apni qanooni practice shuru karne ka faisla kya, lekin khud ko aik wakeel ki hesiyat se qaim karne mein unhein barson ki mehnat ka kaam karna para .
taqreeban 10 10 saal baad jab unhon ne fa-aal tor par siyasat ki taraf rukh kya. baghair kisi shoq ke aadmi, is ne apni dilchaspi qanoon aur siyasat ke mabain taqseem kar di. nah hi woh aik mazhabi ghairat mand tha : woh aik wasee maeno mein musalman tha aur is ka firqoun se bohat kam talluq tha. khawateen mein is ki dilchaspi bhi mehdood thi, jo Bombay paarsi ke aik crore patti sir ڈینشاؤ pait ki beti, رتنبئی ( rati ) tak mehdood thi, jis se is ne –apne walidain aur doosron ki zabardast mukhalfat ke sabab 1918 mein shadi ki thi. is jore ki aik beti dena thi, lekin yeh shadi nakhushgawaar saabit hui, aur jinah aur roti jald hi allag hogaye. yeh un ki behan fatima theen jinhon ne inhen sukoon aur sohbat di .
siyasat mein daakhil hon
jinah sab se pehlay calcutta ( mojooda Calcutta ) mein munaqidah indian national congress ( congress party ) ke 1906 ke session mein shareek hokar siyasat mein daakhil hue, jis mein party ko tasallut ka darja dainay ke mutalba karne walon aur hindostan ki azadi ki himayat karne walon ke mabain phoot parna shuru hogayi. chaar saal baad woh Shahi qanoon saaz council mein muntakhib hue. yeh aik taweel aur mumtaz parlimani career ka aaghaz tha. Mumbai mein inhen congress party ki deegar ahem shaksiaat ke ilawa, naamwar مراٹھ rehnuma, gopal karishna گوکھلے se pata chal gaya. un qoum parast sayasatdano se bohat mutasir hue, jinah ne apni siyasi zindagi ke ibtidayi hissay ke douran" aik musalman گوکھلے" ki khwahish zahir ki. Bartanwi siyasi idaron ki tareef aur bain al aqwami baradri mein hindostan ka rutba buland karne aur hindostan ke awam mein hindustani qomiat ka ehsas peda karne ki be taabi is ki siyasat ke asal Ansar thay. is waqt, woh ab bhi hindustani qoum parasti ke tanazur mein muslim mafadaat par nigah dalta hai .
lekin, 20 win sadi ke aaghaz tak, musalmanoon mein yeh bawar barhta hi ja raha tha ke un ke mafadaat hindustani qoum mein yakja honay ki bajaye apni allag shanakht ko barqarar rakhnay ka mutalba karte hain jo tamam amli maqasid ke liye hindu hi hain. barray pemanay par muslim mafadaat ke tahaffuz ke liye, all India muslim league ki bunyaad 1906 mein rakhi gayi thi. lekin jinah is se daur hi rahay. sirf 1913 mein, jab mustand tor par yeh yaqeen dehani karai gayi ke league congress party ki terhan hindostan ki siyasi azadi ke liye waqf hai, kya jinah league mein shaamil hue? jab indian home rule league tashkeel di gayi to, woh Bombay mein is ka cheif organisers ban gaya aur Bombay branch ka saddar muntakhib sun-hwa .
siyasi ittehaad
hinduo aur musalmanoon ke siyasi ittehaad ke l- jinn jinah ki kawishon se inhen" hindu muslim ittehaad ka behtareen safeer" ka khitaab mila, گوکلے ne likha sun-hwa aik mazmoon. un ki koshisho ke zareya hi congress party aur muslim league ne bahami mushawarat aur shirkat mein aasani peda karne ke liye mushtarqa tor par –apne salana ijlaas munaqqid karna shuru kardiye. 1915 mein dono tanzeemon ne Bombay aur 1916 mein lkhno mein apni میٹنگیں kee, jahan lkhno moahida khatam sun-hwa. is muahiday ki sharait ke tehat, dono tanzeemon ne apni mohar aaeni islahat ki scheme par daal di jo Bartanwi hukoomat ke muqaabla mein un ka mushtarqa mutalba ban gaya. dainay aur lainay ka aik acha maamla tha, lekin musalmanoon ne alehda intikhabi halqon ki shakal mein aik ahem mara-aat haasil kee, hukoomat ne pehlay hi unhein 1909 mein tasleem karliya tha lekin ab tak congress ne muzahmat nahi ki .
isi Isna mein, hindustani siyasat mein aik nai qowat موہنداس ( mahatma ) gandhi ke fard mein namodaar hui. home rule league aur congress party dono hi is ki zad mein aagaye thay. gandhi ki Adam taawun ki tehreek aur siyasat ke baray mein un ke bunyadi tor par hindu nuqta nazar ke mukhalif, jinah ne league aur congress party dono ko chore diya 1920 mein. unhon ne kuch saloon tak –apne aap ko markazi siyasi thrikon se daur rakha. woh siyasi مقصدوں ke husool ke liye hindu muslim ittehaad aur aaeni tareeqon par pukhta yaqeen rakhtay hain. congress se dast bardari ke baad, unhon ne –apne khayalat ki tashheer ke liye muslim league ke plate form ka istemaal kya. lekin 1920 ki dahai ke douran muslim league, aur is ke sath hi jinah ko congress aur mazhabi mabni muslim khilafat tehreek ne saya daar kardiya .
jab Adam taawun ki tehreek ki nakami aur hindu ihyaa pasand thrikon ke zahuur ne hinduo aur musalmanoon ke mabain dushmani aur fasadaat shuru kardiye to muslim league taaqat aur hum ahangi se mahroom hona shuru hogayi, aur sobai muslim rehnumao ne apni zaroriat ko poora karne ke liye apni jamaten tashkeel den. chunancha, aglay barson ke douran jinah ka masla muslim league ko aik roshan khayaal, muttahid siyasi idaara mein tabdeel karna tha jo hindostan ki bhalai ke liye kaam karne wali deegar tanzeemon ke sath taawun ke liye tayyar tha. is ke ilawa, inhen congress party ko, hindu muslim tanaza hal karne ki zaroorat ke baray mein, siyasi pishrft ki aik shart ke tor par qaail karna para .
is terhan ka تعل. q lana 1920 hamza ki dahai ke aakhir aur 1930 ki dahai ke awail mein jinah ka markazi maqsad tha. is maqsad ke liye unhon ne London mein gole maiz conference ( 1930–32 ) mein qanoon saaz assembly ke andar kaam kya, aur –apne" 14 nakaat" ke zariye, jis mein wifaqi hukoomat ki aqliton, ziyada se ziyada haqooq ke liye tajaweez, aik tahai numaindagi shaamil thi markazi mqnnh ke musalmanoon ke liye, Mumbai ke baqiya soobay se ziyada tar muslim Sindh khittay ko allag karna, aur shumal maghribi sarhadi soobay mein islahat ka taaruf. qanoon sazoon mein alehda intikhabi halqon aur musalmanoon ke liye nashiston ke booking ke sawal par nehru committee ki tajaweez ( 1928 ) mein bhi mamooli tarameem laane mein un ki nakami ne inhen mayoos kya. is waqt woh khud ko aik ajeeb o ghareeb hesiyat se dekhte thay : bohat saaray musalmanoon ka khayaal tha ke woh apni policy mein bohat ziyada qoum parast hain aur un ke haath mein muslim mafadaat mehfooz nahi hain, jabkay congress party aitdaal pasand muslim mutalibaat ko adhay rastay par bhi poora nahi kere gi. dar haqeeqat, muslim league aik aisa makaan tha jo aapas mein taqseem tha. Punjab muslim league ne jinah ki qayadat ko mustard kardiya aur khud ko allag se munazzam kya. nafrat mein, jinah ne England mein abad honay ka faisla kya. 1930 se 1935 tak woh London mein hi rahay, پرائیوی council ke samnay mashq karne ke liye khud ko waqf kar rahay thay. lekin jab aaeni tabdeelian badastoor jari theen, inhen dobarah tashkeel panay wali muslim league ki sarbarahi ke liye watan wapas anay par raazi kya gaya .
jald hi government of India act 1935 ke tehat intikhabaat ke liye tayyariyan shuru hogai. jinah abhi bhi muslim league aur hindu zair control congress party aur sobon mein ittihadi hukoomaton ke sath taawun ke muamlay mein soch rahay thay. lekin 1937 ke intikhabaat dono tanzeemon ke mabain taluqaat mein ahem mourr saabit hue. congress ne chay sobon mein mutlaq aksariyat haasil ki, aur league khaas tor par behtar karkardagi ka muzahira nahi kar saki. congress party ne league ko sobai hukoomaton ke qiyam mein shaamil nah karne ka faisla kya, aur khusoosi congress ki khusoosi hakoomaten hi is ka nateeja rahi. hinduo aur musalmanoon ke mabain taluqaat kharab hona shuru ho gaye, aur jald hi muslim Adam itminan bhi be had ho gaya .
khaaliq Pakistan
jinah asal mein Pakistan ki amli tor par mashkook thay, yeh khayaal ke shayar aur falsafi sir Mohammad Iqbal ne sun 1930 ki muslim league conference mein paish kash ki thi, lekin taweel arsay se inhen yaqeen hogaya ke bar e sagheer pak o hind par aik musalman watan hi wahid rasta tha muslim mafadaat aur muslim tarz zindagi ki hifazat. yeh mazhabi zulm o sitam nahi tha ke usay hindostan ke andar paish qadmi ke tamam imkanaat se musalmanoon ke mustaqbil ke ikhraj ka itna khauf tha, jaisay hi Iqtidaar hindu samaji tanzeem ke qareebi saakht mein ban gaya. is khatray se bachney ke l- he, unhon ne –apne mazhabi rehnumao ko un ke mansab ke khatraat se mutnabba karne ke liye aik malik geer muhim chalaye, aur unhon ne muslim league ko aik qoum mein zam karne ke liye aik taaqatwar alay mein tabdeel kardiya .
is waqt, jinah aik noaabadyati musalman qoum ke rehnuma ke tor par ubhra. waqeat taizi se agay bherne lagey. 22-23 March , 1940 ko, Lahore mein, league ne aik alehda muslim riyasat, Pakistan ki tashkeel ke liye aik qarardad Manzoor ki. pehlay to Pakistan ke khayaal ki tazheek ki gayi aur phir congress party ne sakht mukhalfat ki. lekin is ne musalmanoon ke takhayyul ko apni lapait mein le liya. jinah ke khilaaf bohat se ba assar hindu thay, jin mein gandhi aur javaahiir laal nehru bhi shaamil thay. aur aisa lagta tha ke Bartanwi hukoomat bar e sagheer pak o hind ke siyasi ittehaad ko barqarar rakhnay ke khwahan hai. lekin jinah ne apni tehreek itni mahaarat aur tadbeer ke sath chalaye ke bil akhir congress party aur Bartanwi hukoomat dono ke paas taqseem hind se mutfiq honay ke siwa koi charah nahi tha. is terhan Pakistan 1947 mein aik azad riyasat ke tor par ubhra .
jinah nai riyasat ka pehla sarbarah ban gaya. aik nojawan malik ke sangeen masail ka saamna karte hue, unhon ne Pakistan ke masail ko ikhtiyar ke sath napata diya. inhen mehez governor general nahi samjha jata tha. woh qoum ke baap ki hesiyat se qabil ehtram thay. 1948 mein apni paidaiesh ki jagah Karachi mein Umar aur bemari se ziyada taaqat nah lainay tak unhon ne sakht mehnat ki .
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| Image credit commons wikimedia https://images.app.goo.gl/ZsWYDB4iu3FYinKp6 |
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